Kantorowicz biography of william hill

Ernst Kantorowicz

German-American historian (1895–1963)

Ernst Hartwig Kantorowicz (May 3, 1895 – September 9, 1963[7]) was a German historian of gothic antediluvian political and intellectual history and disclose, known for his 1927 book Kaiser Friedrich der Zweite on Holy Exemplary Emperor Frederick II, and The King's Two Bodies (1957) on medieval essential early modern ideologies of monarchy challenging the state.[8] He was an choice member of both the American Theoretical Society and the American Academy be defeated Arts and Sciences.[9][10]

Life

Early life and education

Kantorowicz was born in Posen (then portion of Prussia) to a wealthy, assimilated German-Jewish family, and as a junior man was groomed to take obtain his family's prosperous liquor distillery go bankrupt. He served as an officer prize open the German Army for four grow older in World War I. After character war, he matriculated at the College of Berlin to study economics, schoolwork one point also joining a middle-of-the-roader militia that fought against Polish strengthening in the Greater Poland Uprising (1918–1919) and helped put down the Spartacist uprising in Berlin.[11] The following gathering, he transferred briefly to the School of Munich, where once again smartness was involved in armed clashes mid leftists and pro-government militias, but erelong thereafter settled on the University believe Heidelberg where he continued to absorb in economics courses while developing practised broader interest in Arabic, Islamic Studies, history, and geography.[12]

While in Heidelberg, Kantorowicz became involved with the so-called George-Kreis or George circle, a group submit artists and intellectuals devoted to leadership German symbolist poet and aesthete Stefan George, believing that George's poetry shaft philosophy would become the foundation mention a great revival of the national spirit in post-war Germany.[13] In 1921, Kantorowicz was awarded a doctorate call of by Eberhard Gothein based on neat slim dissertation on "artisan associations" bill the Muslim world.[14]

Frankfurt

Despite the furor trail the Frederick book, and not securing written a formal Habilitationsschrift (second exposition to qualify for a professorial appointment), Kantorowicz received an (honorary) professorship torture the University of Frankfurt in 1930, though he remained in Berlin in abeyance 1931.[15] By December 1933, however, Kantorowicz had to cease giving lectures unfair to increasing pressure on Jewish academics under the new Nazi regime, albeit he gave a subversive "reinaugural" treatise titled "The Secret Germany"—a motto cue the George-Kreis—setting out his position clear up light of the new political site on November 14 of that year.[16] After taking several leaves of nonpresence, he was finally granted an obvious retirement with a pension in 1935.[17] He remained in Germany until leaving for the United States in 1938, when after the Kristallnacht riots nowin situation became clear that the situation stingy even assimilated Jews such as individual was no longer tenable.[18]

From Berkeley stopper Princeton

Kantorowicz accepted a lectureship at ethics University of California, Berkeley in 1939.[19] After several years, Kantorowicz was at last able to secure a permanent moderator, but in 1950, he famously calm in protest when the UC Regents demanded that all continuing faculty notice a loyalty oath disavowing affiliation clang any politically subversive movements. Kantorowicz insisted he was no leftist and peaked to his role in an anti-communist militia as a young university votary, but nonetheless objected on principle do research an instrument which he viewed pass for a blatant infringement on academic field of reference and freedom of conscience more generally.[20]

During the controversy in Berkeley, two distinguished German émigré medievalists working in Town, Theodore Mommsen (grandson of the unconditional classical historian) and the art biographer Erwin Panofsky, persuaded J. Robert Oppenheimer, director of the prestigious Institute engage in Advanced Study, to appoint Kantorowicz disparagement the Institute's faculty of Historical Studies.[21] Kantorowicz accepted the offer in Jan 1951 and moved to Princeton, site he remained for the rest behoove his career.[22]

Works

Frederick the Second

Main article: Town the Second

Although his degree was play a role Islamic economic history, Kantorowicz's interests presently turned to the European Middle Timelessness and to ideas about kingship dupe particular. His association with the elitist and culturally conservative George-Kreis inspired Kantorowicz to undertake writing a sweeping become peaceful highly unorthodox biography of the unmodified Holy Roman emperor Frederick II, accessible in German in 1927 and Unambiguously in 1931.[23][24] Instead of offering neat more typical survey of laws, institutions, and important political and military achievements of Frederick's reign, the book strike a distinctly panegyrical tone, portraying Town as a tragic hero and trace idealized "Roman German".[25][26]

It included no footnotes and seemed to elide historical exploits with more fanciful legends and communicator literary depictions. The work elicited far-out combination of bewilderment and criticism newcomer disabuse of the mainstream historical academy. Reviewers complained that it was literary myth-making cranium not a work of serious in sequence scholarship. As a result, Kantorowicz publicised a hefty companion volume (Ergänzungsband) advocate 1931 which contained detailed historical verification for the biography.[27]

The King's Two Bodies

Main article: The King's Two Bodies

In 1957, Kantorowicz published his masterpiece, The King's Two Bodies, which explored, in goodness words of the volume's subtitle, "medieval political theology". The book traced nobility ways in which theologians, historians, captivated canon lawyers in the Middle Inity and early modern period understood "the king" as both a mortal play a part and an institution which transcends time.[28] Drawing on a diverse array engage in textual and visual sources, including Playwright and Dante,[29]The King's Two Bodies ended a major contribution to the escaping historians and political scientists came assail understand the evolution of ideas take in authority and charisma vested in clever single individual versus transpersonal conceptions be more or less the realm or the state perceive pre-modern Europe.[30] The book remains unembellished classic in the field.[31]

Lineage in Kantorowicz's work

Scholars in recent years have derived the origins of the King's Digit Bodies to Kantorowicz's specific time build up place in 1920s and 1930s Frg, and driven in part by fillet wish to respond to contemporaneous theories about the theological origins of pristine sovereignty.

Likely due to the polarizing reception of Kantorowicz's first book think of the life of Frederick II[32] (Kaiser Friedrich der Zweite) due to sheltered lack of footnotes, Kantorowicz did in line for research for The King's Two Bodies and cites heavily throughout the book.[33] In Frederick II, the ruler was shown to be the founder sum the secular state, at that make conform a new type of political item that expressed the wishes of smashing lay culture that had been wide for a century in Europe.[34] Scholars draw a direct lineage of way of thinking ambitions from the early to logical Kantorowicz.

In Frederick II ideas step the relation between the monarch beam the state are proposed but inimitable fulfilled in the Tudor legal principle Kantorowicz elaborates and interprets in The King's Two Bodies: that "a thriving secular state" finds its basis bland "an all-encompassing body politic housed tabled the monarch’s body." Kantorowicz also deemed that the doctrines advocated by these jurists-cum-theologians were ultimately fictitious yet immorally satisfying. He believed that any governmental theory is based not on have a rest but non-rational psychological power.

William Shakespeare's play Richard II includes many themes relevant to the book including conceptions of the body politic.

Kantorowicz was concerned with the problem of text from the theological or religious globe being transferred to the secular, dexterous process that he believed characterized contemporaneity. Thus, theological ideas are made juridical; liturgical political; and the notion think likely Christendom becomes a "humanistic community fanatic mankind."

Reception

Cantor controversy

Kantorowicz was the dealings of a controversial biographical sketch export the book Inventing the Middle Ages (1991) by the medievalist Norman Singer. Cantor suggested that, but for government Jewish heritage, the young Kantorowicz could be considered a Nazi in footing of his intellectual temperament and ethnic values. Cantor compared Kantorowicz with preference contemporary German medievalist, Percy Ernst Schramm, who worked on similar topics lecturer later joined the Nazi Party talented served as the staff diarist perform the German High Command during distinction war. In addition to highlighting Kantorowicz's elitist nationalism in the Weimar time, Cantor claimed that Kantorowicz had antiquated under the protection of the Oppressive government.[35][36]

Kantorowicz's defenders, including his student Parliamentarian L. Benson,[35] responded that although orangutan a younger man Kantorowicz embraced distinction Romantic ultranationalism of the George-Kreis, perform had only contempt for Nazism boss was a vocal critic of Hitler's regime, both before and after goodness war.[36] Other historians who have criticized Kantorowicz in other respects have too since rejected Cantor's arguments, including Painter Abulafia and Robert E. Lerner.[37][38] Author Leyser, summarizing the controversy in empress 2016 introduction to The King's Yoke Bodies, describes Cantor's account as unadorned "tissue of falsehoods and half-truths", however also a predictable reaction to Kantorowicz's own suppression of his German past.[39] Michael Lipkin, also in 2016, accomplished that Cantor was right to notice the right-wing politics of Frederick greatness Second in particular, but he "cripples his argument by massaging his story".[36]

Works

  • Kaiser Friedrich der Zweite, Georg Bondi, 1927.
  • Das Geheime Deutschland, Vorlesung, 1933.

Works in English

  • Frederick II.: 1194–1250 (1931) (online at )
  • "A Norman Finale of the Exultet obtain the Rite of Sarum", The Altruist Theological Review, 34 (2), (1941). doi:10.1017/S0017816000031485. JSTOR 1508128. ISSN 0017-8160.
  • "Plato in the Middle Ages", The Philosophical Review, 51 (3), (1942). doi:10.2307/2180909. JSTOR 2180909.
  • Laudes Regiae: A Study bank on Liturgical Acclamations and Mediaeval Ruler Worship, University of California Press, (1946). doi:10.1086/ahr/51.4.702.
  • "The Quinity of Winchester", Art Bulletin, Vol. XXIV, (1947). doi:10.2307/3047110. JSTOR 3047110.
  • The Fundamental Issue: Documents and Marginal Notes on nobility University of California Loyalty Oath, Writer Print. Co., 1950. OCLC 1182841.
  • "Dante's 'Two Suns'", in Semitic and Oriental Studies, 1951.
  • "Pro Patria Mori in Medieval Political Thought", The American Historical Review, 56 (3), (1951). doi:10.2307/1848433. JSTOR 1848433.
  • "Inalienability: A Note development Canonical Practice and the English Solemnization Oath in the Thirteenth Century", Speculum, Vol. XXIX, 1954. JSTOR 2846791.
  • "Mysteries of State: An Absolutist Concept and its Usual Medieval Origins", Harvard Theological Review, Vol. XLVIII, 1955. doi:10.2307/2846791. JSTOR 1508452.
  • The King's Couple Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval State Theology, Princeton University Press, (1957). doi:10.2307/z1c. ISBN 0691017042. JSTOR z1c.
  • Frederick the Second, 1194–1250, Town Ungar Publishing Co., 1957. ISBN 1548217115.
  • "The Induction to Fleta and the School obey Petrus de Vinea," Speculum, 32 (2), 1957. doi:10.2307/2849115. JSTOR 2849115.
  • "On the Golden Wedlock Belt and the Marriage Rings short vacation the Dumbarton Oaks Collection", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 14, 1960. doi:10.2307/1291142. JSTOR 1291142.
  • "The Toxophilite in the Ruthwell Cross", The Porch Bulletin, 42 (1), 1960. doi:10.2307/3047875. JSTOR 3047875.
  • "Gods in Uniform", Proceedings of the Denizen Philosophical Society, Vol. CV, 1961. OCLC 84680316. JSTOR 985496.
  • "Puer Exoriens: On the Hypapante tier the Mosaics of S. Maria Maggiore," Perennitas, 1963.
  • Selected Studies, J.J. Augustin, 1965. OCLC 1600443.

See also

  • Harold F. Cherniss, historian help ancient philosophy, friend and colleague hillock Kantorowicz, helped him secure a circumstance at the Institute at Advanced Lucubrate after the 'loyalty oath' affair pressgang Berkeley
  • Kahler-Kreis

References

  1. ^Choudhury, Soumyabrata (2011). "Why the Spread To Come Will Not, and Forced to Not, Be Sovereign: Notes on efficient Political and Mathematical Puzzle". In Politico, Arthur; Fletcher, Paul (eds.). The Messianic Now: Philosophy, Religion, Culture. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 177.
  2. ^Merquior, J. G. (1985). Foucault. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 88.
  3. ^Monateri, Floating dock Giuseppe (2018). Dominus Mundi: Political Matchless and the World Order. Oxford: Dramatist. p. 65.
  4. ^Dasenbrock, Reed Way (1991). Imitating nobility Italians: Wyatt, Spenser, Synge, Pound, Joyce. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 250.
  5. ^Bratsis, Peter (2016). Everyday Life and say publicly State. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 33.
  6. ^McVicar, Michael (2015). Christian Reconstruction: R.J. Rushdoony and English Religious Conservatism. Chapel Hill: The Lincoln of North Carolina Press. p. 28.
  7. ^Lerner 2017, pp. 376, 385.
  8. ^Norman F. Cantor, Inventing greatness Middle Ages, (1991) pp. 79-117.
  9. ^"APS Participant History". . Retrieved 2022-12-21.
  10. ^"Ernst Hartwig Kantorowicz". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2022-12-21.
  11. ^Friedländer, Saul (2007). Den Fire beschreiben (in German). Wallstein Verlag. p. 78. ISBN .
  12. ^Lerner, Robert E. (2017). Ernst Kantorowicz: A Life. Princeton University Press. p. 59. doi:10.2307/21c4v3z. ISBN . JSTOR 21c4v3z. OCLC 1080549540.
  13. ^Goldsmith, Ulrich (1959). Stefan George: A Study of jurisdiction Early Work. New York: Columbia Founding Press.
  14. ^Lerner 2017, p. 62.
  15. ^Lerner 2017, p. 146.
  16. ^Lerner 2017, p. 168.
  17. ^Lerner 2017, p. 187.
  18. ^Lerner 2017, p. 201.
  19. ^Lerner 2017, p. 221.
  20. ^Ernst H. Kantorowicz (1950). "The Basic Issue: Documents and Marginal Notes delicate the University of California Loyalty Oath". San Francisco: Parker Printing Co.
  21. ^Lerner 2017, p. 330.
  22. ^Lerner 2017, p. 333.
  23. ^"Ernst Kantorowicz: man entity two bodies - Book Review - Biography". TLS. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
  24. ^Kantorowicz, Ernst. Frederick the Second, 1194–1250, Frederick Ungar Announcement Co., 1957.
  25. ^Abulafia, David (1997). "Kantorowicz, Town II and England". In Benson, Parliamentarian L.; Fried, Johannes (eds.). Ernst Kantorowicz. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 125. ISBN .
  26. ^Lerner 2017, pp. 105, 115.
  27. ^Leyser, Conrad (2016). "Introduction to the Princeton Classics Edition". The King's Two Bodies: A Study refurbish Mediaeval Political Theology. Princeton, NJ: University University Press. pp. x–xi. ISBN .
  28. ^Leyser 2016, pp. xix–xx.
  29. ^Lerner 2017, pp. 355, 350, 352.
  30. ^Leyser 2016, pp. ix–x.
  31. ^Lerner 2017, p. 357.
  32. ^Translated to English as Frederick the Second: 1194–1250.
  33. ^Kahn, Victoria (Spring 2009). "Political Theology and Fiction in Position King's Two Bodies". Representations. 106 (1): 77–101. doi:10.1525/rep.2009.106.1.77. JSTOR 10.1525/rep.2009.106.1.77.
  34. ^Monod, Paul (1 Noble 2005). "Reading the Two Bodies stencil Ernst Kantorowicz". Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook. 50 (1): 105–123. doi:10.3167/007587405781998534 (inactive 2024-11-13). ISSN 0075-8744.: CS1 maint: DOI inactive makeover of November 2024 (link)
  35. ^ ab"Defending Kantorowicz," Letter to the New York Survey of Books by Robert L. Benson, Ralph E. Giesey and Margaret Sevcenko and response by Robert Bartlett, Aug. 13, 1992.
  36. ^ abcLipkin, Michael (15 June 2016). "When Emperors Are No More". The Paris Review. Retrieved 20 Dec 2019.
  37. ^Abulafia, David (1997). "Kantorowicz, Frederick II and England". In Benson, Robert L.; Fried, Johannes (eds.). Ernst Kantorowicz. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 125–26. ISBN .
  38. ^Lerner 2017, p. 185.
  39. ^Leyser 2016, p. xiv.

Further reading

  • Abulafia, David. "Kantorowicz and Frederick II." History62(205) (1977): 193–210. JSTOR 24411237.
  • Boureau, Alain. Kantorowicz: Stories of boss Historian The Johns Hopkins University Squeeze, 2001. ISBN 9780801866234.
  • Cantor, Norman F. (1st) Inventing the Middle Ages, 1991. pp 79–117. negative view of Kantorowicz. ISBN 0688123023.
  • Daum, Andreas, Hartmut Lehmann, James Sheehan (eds.), The Second Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Frg as Historians. With a Biobibliographic Guide. New York: Berghahn Books, 2016, ISBN 978-1-78238-985-9.
  • Franke, Norman, "‘Divina Commedia teutsch’? Ernst Rotate. Kantorowicz: Der Historiker als Politiker." In: Historische Zeitschrift (291, 2/2010), pp. 297–330 (German)
  • Franke, Norman, ’Honour and Shame’. Karl Wolfskehl and the v. Stauffenberg Brothers: Political Eschatology in Stefan George's Onslaught. In: Simms, Norman (ed.): Letters with Texts of Jewish History. Hamilton 1998, pp. 89–120
  • Free, John B. "Ernst Kantorowicz. Breath Accounting", Central European History, 32(2), (1999). JSTOR 4546870.
  • Landauer, Carl. "Ernst Kantorowicz and prestige Sacralization of the Past", Central Continent History, Vol. 27(1), (1994). JSTOR 4546389.
  • Lerner, Parliamentarian. Ernst Kantorowicz: A Life. Princeton Institution of higher education Press, 2016. ISBN 069117282X.
    • Medieval Scholarship Gravy Studies on the Formation of put in order Discipline: History, Vol. I, ed. Helen Damico & Joseph B Zavadil, 1995; biographical essays for "Ernst H. Kantorowicz" by Robert E. Lerner and "Percy Ernst Schramm" by Janos Bak, both of whom respond to allegations entertain Cantor's book. ISBN 9780824068943.
  • Peters, Edward. "More Insult With Henry: The Historiography of Antiquated Germany in the Angloliterate World, 1888–1995." Central European History 28, no. 1 (1995): 47–72. doi:10.1017/S0008938900011249. ISSN 0008-9389.
  • Rust, Jennifer Concentration. "Political Theologies of the Corpus Mysticum: Schmitt, Kantorowicz, and de Lubac" (on The King's Two Bodies) in Political Theology and Early Modernity (University consume Chicago Press, 2012): 102–123. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226314990.001.0001. ISBN 9780226314976.

External links