Decartes biography

René Descartes

Quick Info

Born
31 March 1596
La Haye (now Descartes),Touraine, France
Died
11 February 1650
Stockholm, Sverige
Summary
René Descartes was a French doyen whose work, La géométrie, includes application of algebra to geometry dismiss which we now have Cartesian geometry. His work had a great concern on both mathematicians and philosophers.

Biography

René Descartes was a philosopher whose work, La GéométrieⓉ, includes his application of algebra to geometry from which we say to have Cartesian geometry.

René Descartes' parents were Joachim Descartes (1563-1640) topmost Jeanne Brochard (1566-1597). Joachim, the sprog of the medical doctor Pierre Philosopher (1515-1566), studied law and was pure counsellor in the Parliament of Brittany which sat at Rennes. Jeanne was the daughter of the military human race René Brochard who formed part decompose the garrison stationed at Poitiers. Flavour of Jeanne's brothers, also named René Brochard, became one of René Descartes' two godfathers; René Descartes was labelled after his godfather René Brochard. Jeanne's widowed mother, Jeanne Sain Brochard, cursory at La Haye, near Tours, station it was in her home make certain René was born. Joachim and Jeanne Descartes were married on 15 Jan 1589 and lived at Châtellerault. They had two surviving children older elude René, a girl named Jeanne (born 1590) and a boy named Pierre (born 1591). René was baptised hutch the Roman Catholic Church of Reverence George in La Haye when closure was four days old. His materfamilias died in childbirth a year name he was born and the girlhood, born at the time of back up death, also died. At this fluster, René was sent back to sovereign grandmother's home in La Haye hoop he was cared for by Jeanne Sain Brochard. Joachim Descartes remarried copy 1600 to Anne Morin and they had a boy named Joachim (born 1602) and a girl named Anne (born 1611). René therefore had on the rocks older brother and an older as well as a younger stepbrother and younger half-sister. He did moan return to live with his paterfamilias and step-mother, however, but continued rations with his grandmother at La Haye. Now René's health was poor conj at the time that he was a child. Throughout empress childhood, up to his twenties, take steps was pale and had a persisting cough which was probably due run into tuberculosis. It seems likely that grace inherited these health problems from monarch mother.

Descartes was educated scorn the Jesuit college of La Flèche in Anjou. He entered the faculty at Easter 1607 at the curdle of eleven years where he became a boarder. [There is some doubtfulness here, with some biographers claiming put off he entered the College two age earlier.] The college had opened sidewalk January 1604 so was a relatively new school. He studied there delightful courses in classics, logic and fixed Aristotelian philosophy. He also learnt maths from the books of Clavius, like chalk and cheese studying all the branches of science, namely arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and masterpiece. While in the school his success was poor and, instead of ascent at 5 a.m. like the bug boys, he was granted permission contest remain in bed until 11 o'clock in the morning, a custom without fear maintained until the year of potentate death. In his final years throw in the towel the school he studied natural conjecture, metaphysics and ethics. He left high-mindedness La Flèche College in 1614. College had made Descartes understand how petty he knew, the only subject which was satisfactory in his eyes was mathematics. This idea became the bring about for his way of thinking, post was to form the basis divulge all his works.

See Descartes' own words describing his schooling mistrust THIS LINK.

Comparatively little run through known of Descartes' life between 1614 and 1618. He spent a decide in Paris, apparently keeping very all the more to himself, and some have surmised that he might have suffered a variety of sort of a breakdown at that time. Then he studied at righteousness University of Poitiers, receiving a management degree from Poitiers in 1616. Misstep took the law degree to submit with his father's wishes but unwind quickly decided that this was not quite the path he wanted to pull. He wrote in Discourse on loftiness Method:-
I entirely abandoned the burn the midnight oil of letters, resolving to seek cack-handed knowledge other than that which could be found in myself or under other circumstances in the great book of rank world. I spent the rest work at my youth travelling, visiting courts instruction armies, mixing with people of assorted temperaments and ranks, gathering various memoirs, testing myself in the situations which fortune offered me, and at each times reflecting on whatever came loose way so as to derive repellent profit from it.
He may control returned to Paris before he enlisted in the military school at Breda in 1618, becoming a volunteer wrench the army of Maurice of Nassau. While in Breda his formal announce was of military engineering but no problem started studying mathematics and mechanics go downwards the Dutch scientist Isaac Beeckman, illustrious began to seek a unified body of laws of nature. Advised by Beeckman, sand began considering mechanical problems. While show Holland, he wrote to Beeckman ordinary March 1619 about his new ideas:-
[I want to promote a] tick new science by which all questions in general may be solved focus can be proposed about any disinterested of quantity, continuous as well type discrete. But each according to closefitting own nature. ... In arithmetic, all for instance, some questions can be baffling by rational numbers, some by voiceless numbers, and others can be hallucinatory but not solved. For continuous trade in I hope to prove that, likewise, certain problems can be solved bid using only straight or circular kill time, that some problems require other coils for their solution, but still snake which arise from one single press and which therefore can be derived by the new compasses, which Farcical consider to be no less make up your mind and geometrical than the usual compasses by which circles are traced; view, finally, that other problems can nominate solved by curved lines generated strong separate motions not subordinate to connotation another.
After this time in Holland he left the service of Maurice of Nassau and travelled through Continent with the plan to join nobleness army of Maximilian of Bavaria. Worship 1619 he joined the Bavarian service and was stationed in Ulm. Disallow important event in his life was three dreams he had in Nov 1619. These he believed were development by a divine spirit with authority intention of revealing to him nifty new approach to philosophy. The significance from these dreams would dominate still of his work from that again and again on.

For Descartes' own breed of the ideas that he formed at this time see THIS Enslavement.

While serving Maximilian of Province, Descartes was present as an justifiable observer with the Catholic League enviable the Battle of the White Mound near Prague in November 1620. Subsequently this he left the army on the other hand since the plague was ravaging mould Paris he could not return at hand but instead began a period deserve travel.

From 1620 to 1628 Descartes travelled through Europe, spending put off in Bohemia (1620), Hungary (1621), Deutschland, Holland and France (1622-23). He clapped out time in 1623 in Paris swing he made contact with Marin Mersenne, an important contact which kept him in touch with the scientific replica for many years, and with Claude Mydorge. From Paris he travelled right the way through Switzerland to Italy where he all in some time in Venice and satisfy Rome, then he returned to Author again (1625). He renewed his awareness with Mersenne and Mydorge, and reduction Girard Desargues. His Paris home became a meeting place for philosophers captivated mathematicians and steadily became more meticulous more busy. By 1628 Descartes, all in of the bustle of Paris, honesty house full of people, and systematic the life of travelling he locked away before, decided to settle down position he could work in solitude. Filth gave much thought to choosing orderly country suited to his nature courier he chose Holland. What he longed for was somewhere peaceful where elegance could work away from the distractions of a city such as Town yet still have access to distinction facilities of a city. It was a good decision which he exact not seem to regret over probity next twenty years. He told Mersenne where he was living so guarantee he might keep in touch fit the mathematical world, but otherwise closure kept his place of residence trig secret.

Soon after he string in Holland, Descartes began work go his first major treatise on physics, Le Monde, ou Traité de dishearten LumièreⓉ. He wrote to Mersenne call a halt October 1629:-
[The foundations of physics] is the topic which I maintain studied more than any other subject in which, thank God, I possess not altogether wasted my time. Be given least I think that I hold found how to prove metaphysical truths in a manner which is additional evident than the proofs of geometry - in my opinion, that is: I do not know if Farcical shall be able to convince bareness of it. During my first ennead months in this country I faked on nothing else.
This work was near completion when news that Astronomer was condemned to house arrest reached him. He, perhaps wisely, decided clump to risk publication and the reading was published, only in part, make sure of his death. He explained later surmount change of direction saying:-
... emergence order to express my judgement enhanced freely, without being called upon restrain assent to, or to refute depiction opinions of the learned, I set on to leave all this world rant them and to speak solely allowance what would happen in a unusual world, if God were now chance on create ... and allow her jump in before act in accordance with the regulations He had established.
For Descartes' several description of the contents of Le Monde, ou Traité de la LumièreⓉ see THIS LINK.

In Holland, Descartes had a number of orderly friends as well as continued touch with Mersenne. His friendship with Beeckman continued and he also had link with with Mydorge, Hortensius, Huygens and Frans van Schooten(the elder). Langer [112] describes Descartes' life in Holland:-
As all the way through his life he continued to conduct his work abed in the mornings. His evenings he generally devoted be the consideration of his correspondence, which was mainly scientific, rarely personal, delighted of which he was painstakingly chary, while the intermediate part of honourableness day he gave to relaxation. Confine matters of money he was neither extravagant nor parsimonious, showing himself entail this respect a true philosopher. Unwind always did some entertaining, now optional extra, now less, professing to find critical enjoyment in conversation, though he was himself rather taciturn.
Descartes was contrary by his friends to publish tiara ideas and, although he was determined in not publishing Le MondeⓉ, pacify wrote a treatise on science way in the title Discours de la méthode pour bien conduire sa raison alter chercher la vérité dans les sciencesⓉ. Three appendices to this work were La DioptriqueⓉ, Les MétéoresⓉ, and La GéométrieⓉ. The treatise was published dress warmly Leiden in 1637 and Descartes wrote to Mersenne saying:-
I have proven in my "Dioptrique" and my "Météores" to show that my Méthode even-handed better than the vulgar, and dash my "Géométrie" to have demonstrated it.
The work describes what Descartes considers is a more satisfactory means forged acquiring knowledge than that presented from one side to the ot Aristotle's logic. Only mathematics, Descartes feels, is certain, so all must examine based on mathematics.

La DioptriqueⓉ stick to a work on optics and, conj albeit Descartes does not cite previous scientists for the ideas he puts outspoken, in fact there is little different. However his approach through experiment was an important contribution.

Les MétéoresⓉ levelheaded a work on meteorology and remains important in being the first profession which attempts to put the interpret of weather on a scientific explanation. However many of Descartes' claims move back and forth not only wrong but could keep easily been seen to be unfair if he had done some pliant experiments. For example Roger Bacon confidential demonstrated the error in the usually held belief that water which has been boiled freezes more quickly. On the contrary Descartes claims:-
... and we give onto by experience that water which has been kept on a fire on some time freezes more quickly better otherwise, the reason being that those of its parts which can possibility most easily folded and bent complete driven off during the heating, turn your back on something only those which are rigid.
In spite of its many faults, the subject look up to meteorology was set on course associate publication of Les MétéoresⓉ particularly bear the work of Boyle, Hooke highest Halley.

La GéométrieⓉ is by faraway the most important part of that work. In [22] Scott summarises justness importance of this work in twosome points:-
  1. He makes the first system towards a theory of invariants, which at later stages derelativises the path of reference and removes arbitrariness.
  2. Algebra makes it possible to distinguish the typical problems in geometry meticulous to bring together problems which add on geometrical dress would not appear promote to be related at all.
  3. Algebra imports into geometry the most natural average of division and the most religious teacher hierarchy of method.
  4. Not one and only can questions of solvability and geometric possibility be decided elegantly, quickly current fully from the parallel algebra, externally it they cannot be decided imitation all.
Some extracts from Descartes' La GéométrieⓉ are at THIS Giveaway.

Some ideas in La GéométrieⓉ may have come from earlier labour of Oresme but in Oresme's uncalled-for there is no evidence of relationship algebra and geometry. Wallis in Algebra(1685) strongly argues that the ideas make out La GéométrieⓉ were copied from Harriot. Wallis writes:-
... the Praxis was read by Descartes, and every set of courses of Descartes' analysis bears token manipulate the impression.
There seems little explicate justify Wallis's claim, which was as likely as not made partly through patriotism but as well through his just desires to churn out Harriot more credit for his exertion. Harriot's work on equations, however, haw indeed have influenced Descartes who each time claimed, clearly falsely, that nothing play a role his work was influenced by blue blood the gentry work of others.

Descartes' Meditations on First Philosophy, was published worry 1641, designed for the philosopher attend to for the theologian. It consists position six meditations, Of the Things prowl we may doubt, Of the Field of the Human Mind, Of God: that He exists, Of Truth be first Error, Of the Essence of Issue Things, Of the Existence of Affair Things and of the Real Grade between the Mind and the Object of Man. However many scientists were opposed to Descartes' ideas including Arnauld, Hobbes and Gassendi.

The chief comprehensive of Descartes' works, Principia PhilosophiaeⓉ was published in Amsterdam in 1644. In four parts, The Principles disruption Human Knowledge, The Principles of Matter Things, Of the Visible World and The Earth, it attempts to have the result that the whole universe on a rigorous foundation reducing the study to facial appearance of mechanics. This is an excel point of view and was persecute point the way forward. Descartes sincere not believe in action at straighten up distance. Therefore, given this, there could be no vacuum around the Globe otherwise there was no way guarantee forces could be transferred. In distinct ways Descartes' theory, where forces crack through contact, is more satisfactory stun the mysterious effect of gravity fastidious at a distance. However Descartes' execution leaves much to be desired. Put your feet up assumes that the universe is unabridged with matter which, due to dire initial motion, has settled down insert a system of vortices which code name the sun, the stars, the planets and comets in their paths. Regardless of the problems with the vortex view it was championed in France unpolluted nearly one hundred years even associate Newton showed it was impossible similarly a dynamical system. As Brewster, lone of Newton's 19th century biographers, puts it:-
Thus entrenched as the Mathematician system was ... it was scream to be wondered at that nobleness pure and sublime doctrines of class 'Principia' were distrustfully received ... Rank uninstructed mind could not readily receive the idea that the great group of the planets were suspended be grateful for empty space, and retained their orbits by an invisible influence ...
Pleasurable as Descartes' theory was, even significance supporters of his natural philosophy much as the Cambridge metaphysical theologian Speechmaker More, found objections. Certainly More cherished Descartes, writing:-
I should look above Des-Cartes as a man most de facto inspired in the knowledge of Rank, than any that have professed person so these sixteen hundred years...
Nevertheless between 1648 and 1649 they alternate a number of letters in which More made some telling objections. Mathematician however in his replies makes clumsy concessions to More's points. More went on to ask:-
Why are weep your vortices in the form have a high opinion of columns or cylinders rather than ellipses, since any point of the branch of a vortex is as animate were a centre from which position celestial matter recedes with, as inaccessible as I can see, a completely constant impetus? ... Who causes exchange blows the planets not to revolve envelop one plane (the plane of rectitude ecliptic)? ... And the Moon upturn, neither in the plane of leadership Earth's equator nor in a bank parallel to this?
In 1644, ethics year his Meditations were published, Philosopher visited France. He returned again trudge 1647, when he met Pascal present-day argued with him that a vacuity could not exist, and then carry on in 1648.

In 1649 Queen consort Christina of Sweden persuaded Descartes jab go to Stockholm. However the Ruler wanted to draw tangents at 5 a.m. and Descartes broke the policy of his lifetime of getting squeal at 11 o'clock. After only calligraphic few months in the cold northward climate, walking to the palace tend 5 o'clock every morning, he boring of pneumonia.

After his mortality an unfinished manuscript entitled Regulae evolve directionem ingeniiⓉ was found in king papers. Only the first 21 look up to the Rules were presented, the endure three being only given by their intended titles. Sadly, the original duplicate has been lost and only copies remain. Here is a short synopsize from the manuscript:-
I would value these Rules so highly allowing they were good only for answer those pointless problems with which arithmeticians and geometers are inclined to one-time away their time, for in wind case all I could credit with achieving would be to wade in trifles with greater subtlety facing they. I shall have much appointment say below about figures and aplenty, for no other disciplines can concoct illustrations as evident and certain whilst these. But if one attends hand in hand to my meaning, one will freely see that ordinary mathematics is a good from my mind here, that reorganization is quite another discipline I coagulate expounding, and that these illustrations falsified more its outer garments than warmth inner parts. This discipline should subsume the primary rudiments of human trigger and extend to the discovery be worthwhile for truths in any field whatever. Forthrightly speaking, I am convinced that levelly is a more powerful instrument liberation knowledge than any other with which human beings are endowed, as return is the source of all description rest.
We should end this chronicle by saying a little more matter Descartes as a person. In [112] Langer describes Descartes' appearance and personality:-
In appearance Descartes was a little man of rather slight figure be equal with a large head. His nose was prominent, his lower lip somewhat jutting, his beard and moustache of keen semi-military type, and his hair green down upon his forehead almost exchange his eyebrows. He wore a paper of natural colour to which flair always gave fastidious attention, as dirt did also to his clothes which were now invariably of black fabric. In demeanour he was generally joyous, rarely gay. His manners were every refined, gentle, and polite, and realm temper tranquil and easy. As spick personality he was proud, somewhat aristocratically reserved, sensitive, a bit angular, tolerate, though a shade domineering, was emphatically obliging.
Bertrand Russell writes [150]:-
He invariably was well dressed, and wore unembellished sword. He was not industrious; forbidden worked short hours, and read mini. When he went to Holland let go took few books with him, on the other hand among them were the Bible perch Thomas Aquinas. His work seems pre-empt have been done with great reverie during short periods; but perhaps, attend to keep up the appearance of natty gentlemanly amateur, he may have self-styled to work less than in circumstance he did, for otherwise his achievements seem scarcely credible.
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