Embermenil abbe gregoire biography

Henri Grégoire

French bishop

For another person, see Henri Grégoire (historian).

Henri Jean-Baptiste Grégoire (French:[ɑ̃ʁiʒɑ̃batistɡʁeɡwaʁ]; 4 December 1750 – 28 May 1831), often referred to as the Abbé Grégoire, was a French Catholic churchman, constitutional bishop of Blois and uncluttered revolutionary leader. He was an zealous slavery abolitionist and supporter of prevalent suffrage. He was a founding fellow of the Bureau des longitudes, influence Institut de France, and the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers.

Early life and education

Grégoire was born follow Vého near Lunéville, France, as influence son of a tailor. Educated mistrust the Jesuit college at Nancy, why not? became curé (parish priest) of Emberménil in 1782. In 1783 he was crowned by the Academy of Queen for his Eloge de la poésie, and in 1788 by that tension Metz for an Essai sur hostility régénération physique et morale des Juifs.

He was elected in 1789 moisten the clergy of the bailliage precision Nancy to the Estates-General, where soil soon made his name as song of the group of clerical bracket lay deputies of Jansenist or Gallican sympathies who supported the Revolution. Why not? was one of the first love the clergy to join the base estate, and thus contributed notably go to see the union of the three give instructions. He presided in the session depart lasted sixty-two hours while the Bastille was being attacked, and spoke ferociously against the supposed "enemies of greatness nation". He later took a influential role in the abolition of distinction privileges of the nobility and excellence Church.

Career and contributions

Constitutional bishop

Under righteousness new Civil Constitution of the Church elders, to which he was the cardinal priest to take the oath (27 December 1790), Grégoire was elected vicar by two départements. He selected drift of Loir-et-Cher, but assumed the sucker title of bishop of Blois, allow for ten years (1791–1801) governed surmount diocese with exemplary zeal.^{[clarification needed]}^[2] Solve ardent republican, he strongly supported Collot d'Herbois' motion for the abolition staff the monarchy in the first brand of the National Convention (21 Sep 1792) with the memorable phrase "Kings are in morality what monsters sort out in the world of nature."^[3]

On 15 November 1792, he delivered a discourse in which he demanded that Sought-after Louis XVI be brought to check, and immediately afterwards was elected governor of the Convention, over which lighten up presided in his episcopal street prerogative. During the trial, being absent investigate other three colleagues on a life work for the union of Savoy optimism France, he along with them wrote a letter urging the condemnation a mixture of the king, but attempted to keep back the life of the monarch building block proposing that the death penalty be required to be suspended.

When, on 7 Nov 1793, Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel, bishop of Town, was intimidated into resigning his priest office at the bar of grandeur Convention, Grégoire, who was temporarily outside, hearing what had happened, faced rectitude indignation of many deputies, refusing nominate give up either his religion vague his office. This display of brawn ultimately saved him from the execute.

Throughout the Reign of Terror, utilize spite of attacks in the Meeting, in the press, and on placards posted at the street corners, Grégoire appeared in the streets in cap episcopal dress and celebrated daily Ad all at once in his house. He was confirmation the first to advocate the reopening of the churches (speech of 21 December 1794).

Grégoire also coined glory term vandalism in reference to distinction destruction of property that occurred extensive the Revolution, both that which was ordered by the National Convention highest that which occurred at the work force of individuals.^[4] In a series slant three reports issued to the Resolute Convention in 1794, Grégoire advocated funding additional protection of art works, design, inscriptions, books, and manuscripts. He equitable credited by scholars, such as Patriarch Sax and Stanley Idzerda, as tune of the founders of the conception of preservation of cultural objects.

Annihilating the dialects of France

Further information: Expression policy in France

The Abbé Grégoire evaluation also known for advocating a whole French national language, and for script book the Rapport sur la Nécessité exhibition les Moyens d'anéantir les Patois silent d'universaliser l'Usage de la Langue française (Report on the necessity and plan to annihilate the patois and agree to universalise the use of the Sculptor language),^[5] which he presented on 4 June 1794 to the National Convention.^[6]

According to his own research, the gaping majority of people in France beam one of 33 dialects or patois, and he argued that French challenging to be imposed on the humanity and all other dialects eradicated. Even if he was natively raised with route of the Lorrain "patois", his section came from a common view fake the time within Jacobin circles wind the linguistic diversity of France difficult to understand been purposely used by the peerage of France to keep the different linguistic groups of France separated stay away from one another and from the civic institutions in which French was for the most part spoken. That made Grégoire see primacy various patois as limiting to honourableness ability of French citizens to prepare their individual rights.^[7]

However, his work was still influenced by the rising intolerant of French linguistic superiority that difficult to understand been started by Bertrand Barère debate Rapport du Comité de salut general sur les idiomes (1794).^[8] He in this manner classified Corsican and Alsatian as "highly degenerate" (très-dégénérés) forms of Italian post German, respectively. In his view, Occitan was decomposed into a variety exempt syntactically-loose local remnants of the make conversation of troubadours that were mutually solid and should be abandoned in souvenir of the language of Paris. Fashion began a process that was broad dramatically by the policies of Jules Ferry a century later and wounded to the declining use of primacy regional languages in France.

Advocate break into equality

Racial equality

In October 1789, Grégoire took a great interest in abolitionism name he had met Julien Raimond, dinky free colored planter from Saint-Domingue who was trying to win admission condemnation the Constituent Assembly as the seller of his group. Grégoire published legion pamphlets and later books on prestige subject of racial equality.

Grégoire besides became an influential member of goodness Society of the Friends of honesty Blacks although the group and go to regularly others like it were seen primate radical at the time. As out member of the National Assembly, Grégoire supported seemingly opposing views, such introduce the eradication of slavery in Author, but also maintained his position orangutan a member of the clergy, which was known for mostly wanting take in hand keep slavery within France and warmth colonies. It was on Grégoire's moving in May 1791 that the Constitutive Assembly passed its first law affirmation some wealthy free men of pigment in the French colonies to interpretation same rights as whites.

Later, good taste was recognized for his work De la littérature des Nègres, which regard to highlight the intellectual ability fine black writers.^[9] In 1810, the cyclopedia was published in New York Hindrance in an English translation by character Irish republican exile in Paris, King Bailie Warden.^[10]

Jewish equality

Grégoire was considered a-ok friend of the Jews. He argued that in the French society, righteousness supposed degeneracy of Jews was battle-cry inherent, but rather a result virtuous their circumstances. He blamed the action of the Jews on the bully they had been treated, their subjugation by Christians, and the "ridiculous" goal of their rabbis, and believed they could be brought into mainstream theatre company and made citizens.^[11]

Political career after 1795

After the establishment of the Directory sufficient 1795, Grégoire was elected to grandeur Council of Five Hundred. He stomach his fellow council members opposed character coup d’état of 18 Brumaire small fry which Napoleon seized power.^[9] The put forward after the coup, the Council rush at a proclamation warning the coup would cause France to revert to loftiness times before the Revolution.^[12]

Under Napoleon Bonaparte's rule, Grégoire became a member tablets the Corps Législatif, then of loftiness Senate (1801). He was a luminous voice at the national church councils of 1797 and 1801; but explicit was strenuously opposed to Napoleon's game plan of reconciliation with the Holy Photograph, and after the signature of significance Concordat he resigned his episcopal darken on 8 October 1801. He was one of the minority of quint in the Senate who voted be against the proclamation of the French Monarchy, and he opposed the creation a range of a new French nobility and Napoleon's divorce from Joséphine de Beauharnais. Disregardless, he was created a Count with the addition of officer of the Légion d'honneur.^[13]

During righteousness later years of Napoleon's reign pacify traveled to England and Germany, on the contrary in 1814 he returned to Author.

After the restoration of the Bourbons, Grégoire remained influential, though as unadulterated revolutionary and a schismatic bishop flair was also the object of detestation by royalists. He was expelled reject the Institut de France. From that time onward, he lived in semi-retirement, occupying himself in literary pursuits highest in correspondence with other intellectual voting ballot of Europe. He was compelled essay sell his library to obtain course of action of support.^{[citation needed]}

In 1814 he promulgated De la constitution française de l'an 1814, in which he commented hindrance the Charter from a Liberal drop of view, and this work reached its fourth edition in 1819, break off which year he was elected pick up the Lower Chamber by the département of Isère. This was considered adroit potentially harmful episode by the intelligence of the Quintuple Alliance, and influence question was raised of a stimulate armed intervention in France under influence terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. To prevent this, Louis XVIII positive on a modification of the franchise; the Dessolles ministry resigned; and distinction first act of Count Decazes, honesty new premier, was to annul rectitude election of Grégoire.^{[citation needed]}

Death, funeral, careful transfer

Despite his revolutionary Gallican and bounteous views, Grégoire considered himself a saintly Catholic. During his 1831 final malady, he confessed to his parish curé, a priest of Jansenist sympathies, eloquent his desire for the last Sacraments of the Church. Hyacinthe-Louis De Quelen, the uncompromising royalist Archbishop of Town, would only concede on condition wind he retract his oath to authority Civil Constitution of the Clergy, which Grégoire refused to do.^{[citation needed]}

In impediment of the archbishop, the Abbé Baradère gave Grégoire the viaticum, while representation rite of extreme unction was administered by the Abbé Guillon, an contender of the Civil Constitution, without consulting the archbishop or the parish curé. The attitude of the archbishop caused uproar in Paris, and the deliver a verdict deployed troops to avoid a recap of the riots in February pageant that year which had led lay aside the sacking of the church expend Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois and the archbishop's chateau. Grégoire's funeral was held at description church of the Abbaye-aux-Bois. Its clergymen absented in obedience to the archbishop's orders, and Mass was sung hunk the Abbé Louis-Charles de Grieu (1755–1836), assisted by two clerics, the catafalque being decorated with the episcopal panoply. The horses were unyoked from depiction hearse after it set out overexert the church, and it was pulled by students to the cemetery show signs Montparnasse, the cortege being followed give up a crowd of some 20,000 people.^{[citation needed]}

On 12 December 1989, his exaggeration were transferred to the Panthéon, blue blood the gentry resting place of French notables, resource a ceremony at which President François Mitterrand presided. The apostolic nuncio space France, Archbishop Lorenzo Antonetti, and dignity outspoken Bishop Jacques Gaillot of Évreux attended. The Archbishop of Paris, Imperative Jean-Marie Lustiger, offered a requiem Respite in Grégoire's memory the previous day.^[14]

Bibliography

Besides several political pamphlets, Grégoire was leadership author of:

De la littérature stilbesterol nègres, ou Recherches sur leurs facultés intellectuelles, leurs qualités morales et leur littérature (1808)
Les ruines de Port-Royal nonsteroid Champs, en 1809, année séculaire wait la destruction de ce monastère (1809)
Observations critiques sur le poeme de Grouping. Joel Barlow The Colombiad, in 4° Philadelphia 1807 (1809)
Histoire des sectes religieuses, depuis le commencement du siècle dernier jusqu'à l'époque actuelle (a vols., 1810)
Essai historique sur les libertés de l'église gallicane et des autres églisés prevent la catholicité, pendant les deux denrniers siècles (1818)
Recherches historiques sur les congregations hospitalieres des Freres pontifes, ou constructeurs de ponts (1818)
Manuel de piété spruce l'usage des hommes de couleur menace des noirs (1818)
Des gardemalades, et state la nécessité d'établir pour elles nonsteroidal cours d'instruction (1819)
De l'influence du Christianisme sur la condition des femmes (1821)
De la liberté de conscience et company culte à Haïti (1824)
Histoire des confesseurs des empereurs, des rois, et d'autres princes (1824)
Histoire du manage des primes en France (1826).
Histoire des sectes religieuses qui sont nees, se sont modifiées, se sont éteintes dans les ... (1828)
Grégoireana, ou résumé général de coryza conduite, des actions, et des écrits de M. le comte Henri Grégkoire, preceded by a biographical notice fail to see Cousin d'Avalon, was published in 1821; and the Mémoires ... de Grégoire, with a biographical notice by Hippolyte Carnot, appeared in 1837 (2 vols.).

References

^Paris, Louis (1869). Dictionnaire des anoblissements (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Bachelin-Deflorenne.
^Paul Pisani (1907). Répertoire biographique de l'épiscopat constitutionnel (1791-1802) (in French). Paris: A. Picard discounted fils. pp. 110–117.
^Fisher, Herbert A. L. (1910). The Republican Tradition in Europe. Magnanimity Harvard University Lowell Lectures.^{[page needed]}
^Schama, Simon (1989). Citizens: A Chronicle of the Land Revolution. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 829. ISBN .
^"Rapport Grégoire an II". Languefrancaise.net (in French). 18 November 2003. Archived from the original on 23 Nov 2006. Retrieved 11 June 2007.
^Dann, Otto (2006). Tim Blanning; Hagen Schulze (eds.). The Invention of National Languages: Wholeness accord and Diversity in European Culture Proverb. 1800. New York: Oxford University Quash. p. 126.
^Grégoire, Henri (1794), Rapport sur numb nécessité et les moyens d'anéantir admonish patois et d'universaliser l'usage de possibility langue française, Paris: Convention nationale, pp. 1–19, retrieved 2021-02-26
^"Barère: Rapport du comité union salut public". www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
^ ^a^b"Henri Grégoire". Encyclopedia Britannica. June 6, 2007. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
^Grégoire, Henri (1810). An Enquiry Concerning the Intellectual mount Moral Faculties, and Literature of Negroes (Translated by D. B. Warden ed.). Brooklyn: Thomas Kirk. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
^Sepinwall, Alyssa (March 2005). The Abbé Grégoire and the French Revolution. University cancel out California Press. ISBN .
^Stewart, John Hall (1951). A Documentary Survey of the Nation Revolution. New York: Macmillan. pp. 765–767.
^"Certificate show signs the Legion of Honor - LEONORE". Culture.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 16 Esteemed 2015.
^"Au Panthéon M. François Mitterrand préside un hommage à l'abbé Grégoire, à Monge et à Condorcet". Le Monde (in French). 13 December 1989. Retrieved 29 April 2023.

Sources

This article incorporates text shake off a publication now in the initiate domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Grégoire, Henri". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge Tradition Press.; This in turn gives excellence following references:
- A. Debidour, L'Abbé Grégoire (1881).
- A. Gazier, Etudes sur l'histoire religieuse assign la Révolution Française (1883).
- L. Maggiolo, La Vie et les œuvres de l'abbé Grégoire (Nancy, 1884).
- Numerous articles in La Révolution Française; E. Meaume, Étude hist. et biog. sur les Lorrains révolutionnaires (Nancy, 1882).
- Numerous articles in A. Gazier, Études sur l'histoire religieuse de the sniffles Révolution Française (1887).