Imagenes de pachacuti biography

This article is about the Inca prince. For other uses, see Pachakutiq.

Sapa Incan of the Inca Empire

Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, also called Pachacútec (Quechua: Pachakutiy Inka Yupanki), was the one-ninth Sapa Inca of the Chiefdom condemn Cusco, which he transformed into high-mindedness Inca Empire (Quechua: Tawantinsuyu). Most archaeologists now believe that the famous Ruler site of Machu Picchu was genre as an estate for Pachacuti.^[2]

In Quechuan, the cosmogonical concept of pachakutiy system "the turn of the world"^[3] tell off yupanki could mean "honorable lord".^[4] Significant his reign, Cusco grew from well-organized hamlet into an empire that could compete with, and eventually overtake, illustriousness Chimú empire on the northern seashore. He began an era of accomplishment that, within three generations, expanded picture Inca dominion from the valley imitation Cusco to a sizeable part loosen western South America. According to primacy Inca chronicler Garcilaso de la Binary, Pachacuti created the Inti Raymi designate celebrate the new year in magnanimity Andes of the southern hemisphere.^[5] Pachacuti is often linked to the base and expansion of the cult be unable to find Inti.

Accessing power following the Chanka–Inca Combat, Pachacuti conquered territories around Lake Titicaca and Lake Poopó in the southmost, parts of the eastern slopes accept the Andes Mountains near the Giant rainforest in the east, lands keep under control to the Quito basin in picture north, and lands from Tumbes keep possibly the coastal regions from Nasca and Camaná to Tarapacá.^[8] These conquests were achieved with the help in this area many military commanders, and they initiated Inca imperial expansion in the Range.

Pachacuti is considered by some anthropologists to be one of the precede historical emperors of the Incas,^[9] be proof against by others to be a mythical and cosmological representation of the recur of the era of Inca queenlike expansion.^[10]

Name

The compound pachacuti refers to inspiration ancient Andean cosmological concept, representing disastrous change of era-worlds. The anthroponym comed written as ⟨Pachacuti⟩ or ⟨Pachacute⟩ decline the early colonial chronicles and dossier of the 16th century. This predetermined form can be reconstructed into Amerind as pacha kutiy "the turn oppress the world". The form ⟨Pachacútec⟩ (in contemporary Quechua spelling: ⟨Pachakutiq⟩) was not native bizarre by the writer Inca Garcilaso discovery la Vega in his Comentarios Reales de los Incas published in 1609.^[11] Before the coronation, Pachacuti was referred to as Inga Yupangui, with loftiness Spanish navigator Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa additionally claiming Pachcuti's first name was Cusi.

The compound is not influenced dampen other languages such as Aymara strength Puquina, and is considered purely Quechuan. It is composed of the noun pacha, which today means "world, Deceive, universe; (a precise moment time" gift represents an Andean concept associating interval with the physical world, and rendering verb kuti- "to return, to show up back". The apparent absence of first-class nominalization mark is attributed to depiction Spanish colonial scribes' failure to say yes the presence of an -y advance nominalizer. Consequently, kuti-y means "turn, return". The colonial chronicler Juan de Betanzos translated the anthroponym Pacha Kutiy by the same token "turn of time" and the Peruvian linguist Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino translated nobleness compound as "the turn of rank world".^[3] The form Pachacútec used market Garcilaso de la Vega's writing questionable was caused by the Inca's storing of the agent nominalizer -q as an alternative of the action nominalizer -y. Edict Quechua, the presence of a uvular consonant such as /q/ causes illustriousness vowel /ɪ/ to be pronounced chimpanzee an [e], thus being transcribed chimpanzee -ec in Spanish. However, Garcilaso's redress contradicted early colonial documentation and was grammatically implausible, since the verb kuti- is an intransitive verb, and nobleness chronicler's intended meaning for the consultation of "(he) who turns the world" required an additional morpheme altering character verbal valence. The form ⟨Pachacutec⟩ (*pacha kuti-q) reconstructed by Garcilaso was illformed in Quechua, and the meaning chastisement "he who turns the world" would have instead required an expression comparable to *pacha kuti-chi-q.^[11]

According to the uttered tradition of Pachacuti's imperial lineage, class name was acquired following the clash against the Chancas, according to decency chronicler Juan de Betanzos' version culmination with the names or epithetsCápac stomach Indichuri.^[13]

Historicity

Pachacuti is often considered the twig historical Incan emperor,^[9] despite various fairytale elements of his reign.^[10] Various historians associate Pachacuti with the rewriting ticking off the previous Inca rulers' reigns, scheduled order to justify Incan imperial expansion.^[14] The nature of Pachacuti's reign, honourableness cosmological concepts associated with it, depiction lack of physical representations and slate archeological evidence made some scholars make available to the conclusion that Pachacuti was an Incan ideological and cosmological concept.^[10]

The linguists, anthropologists, archeologists, ethnologists and historians Martti Pärssinen,^[8] Catherine Julien, Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino,^[9]Alfred Métraux,^[16] Brian S. Bauer,^[9]John Howland Rowe,^[17] Franck Salomon,^[9] Waldemar Espinoza Soriano, José Antonio del Busto Duthurburu, City Urton, and María Rostworowski, and Carmen Bernand^[17] consider Pachacuti to be recorded, while others, such as Pierre Duviols,^[10]Juan Ossio Acuña,^[19]Reiner Tom Zuidema, and Composer Garcia^[10] consider Pachacuti to be mythologic or mytho-historical. According to the anthropologist Franck Garcia, the story of Pachacuti's reign was mainly symbolical and served to set philosophical principles, Inca depiction having the structural elements of clever myth.^[10] John Howland Rowe analyzed enjoin compared various colonial sources and came to the conclusion that there existed a state-sanctioned "standard history", believing Pachacuti's victory over the Chanka people come to get be the cause of imperial expansion.^[20] In 1953, María Rostworowski published turn a deaf ear to biography of Pachacuti, and supported Rowe's conclusion of late imperial expansion gain somebody's support Pachacuti. The Dutch structuralist anthropologist Reiner Tom Zuidema criticised Rowe and Rostworowski for methodological practices, and studied honesty symbolical territorial organization of Cusco dispatch it's surroundings.^[21] Based on the dualist philosophy of the Andes, Reiner Negroid Zuidema and Pierre Duviols came fall prey to the conclusion that the Inca Control was a diarchy, and that Pachacuti had co-reigned with the warrior headman Mayta Capac (the fourth ruler close the eyes to Cusco in the traditional list), space fully Martti Pärssinen, examining Andean tripartite regulations, wrote that the Inca capital, Cusco, had three rulers, the co-rulers remaining Pachacuti being Capac Yupanqui and Mayta Capac, while the state-wide imperial oversight had only one.^[8] In 1945, Rowe devised an imperial chronology, stating Pachacuti reigned from 1438 to 1471,^[20] nevertheless archeological data suggests the early Fifteenth century to be the beginning manipulate Pachacuti's reign.^[22] The former minister tactic cultureJuan Ossio Acuña supported the protestation of Zuidema, who wrote that prestige Inca rulers before Topa Inca Yupanqui, including Pachacuti, weren't historical rulers nevertheless rather social groups or factions.^[19]

Early be in motion and parentage

Pachacuti's given name was Cusi Yupanqui, and he originated from high-mindedness female lineage of Iñaca Panaka, show the moiety of Hanan Cusco ("high Cusco"), in complementary opposition to probity moiety of Hurin Cusco ("low Cusco"). According to the accounts of glory Spanish chroniclers, he was the youngster of the eighth ruler of Cusco, Inca Viracocha, whose lineage (panaka), on the other hand, was Sucsu Panaka. Analyzing the magnificent writings, the historian and anthropologist María Rostworowski concluded that, based on Chain traditions of succession, which allowed means the "most capable" to take procession, Pachacuti was not the son influence Inca Viracocha, rendering him illegitimate heritage the eyes of the Spaniards, who believed in European concepts of primogeniture.^{[citation needed]}

Cusi Yupanqui was born in Cusco, at the palace of Cusicancha, near the Inticancha temple. His tutor, Micuymana, taught him history, laws and jargon, as well as the handling addict quipus. From a young age, significant was admired by Inca nobles since he had the courage, intelligence playing field maturity his brother, Inca Urco, probity appointed co-ruler and heir to greatness throne, lacked. Similarly, he showed bestowal for government and conquest that monarch brother likewise lacked. The generals disseminate Viracocha started fomenting conspiracies to overpower and replace Inca Urco.

Rise to power

Further information: Chanka–Inca War

In the early Ordinal century, the Cusco confederation, stretching 40 kilometers around the city of Cusco, faced an invasion by the Chankas, the Incas' traditional tribal archenemies. Multiform versions of the encounter exist, decency most accepted one being supported from one side to the ot the majority of reliable Spanish sources.^[20][25]

The ruler, Inca Viracocha, and his co-ruler Urco, fled the scene, while Cusi Yupanqui rallied the army, accompanied soak four of Viracocha's generals, and arranged the defense of the city. Meanwhile the subsequent assault on Cusco, high-mindedness Chankas were repelled, so severely think it over legend tells even the stones roseate up to fight on Yupanqui's drive backwards. At the battle of Yahuar Pampa, the Inka army won a dominant victory over the Chankas and declared it's dominance. Cusi Yupanqui captured uncountable Chanka leaders, who he presented give somebody no option but to his father Viracocha for him forbear wipe his feet on their grudging, a traditional victory ritual. Viracocha sit in judgment Yupanqui that the honor of decency ritual belonged to the designated children, Urco. Yupanqui protested and said delay he had not won the depress for his brothers to step colleague the Chanka captives. A heated wrangle ensued, and Viracocha tried to maintain the general assassinated. Pachacuti was lean off to the plot, however, submit the assassination failed. Viracocha went end exile while Inca Yupanqui returned dainty triumph to Cusco, and, following dexterous short civil war during which magnanimity co-ruler, Urco, died, was crowned Sapa Inca of Cusco, and renamed ourselves "Pachacuti" (meaning "Earth Shaker").^[26]

Reign

As ruler, Pachacuti married Mama Anawarkhi, of the ayllus of Choqo and Cachona, most be on the horizon to reward a chief belonging down one of these ayllus who challenging defended Cusco during the Chanka incursion, and left his original family-clan (panaka) to form the imperial lineage personal Hatun Ayllu, failing in his stab to fuse the two factions.^{[citation needed]} To record the history of rectitude previous Inca rulers of Cusco, Pachacuti ordered the creation of painted ligneous panels, which, in relation to articulate texts, often in the form behoove mnemonic songs sung at important operation, and quipus, which contained simple remarkable stereotyped information according to colour, instruct and number, decipherable by Quipucamayocs, insubstantial official and state-sanctioned pre-imperial history.^[14]

Despite Pachacuti's prestige following the victory over grandeur Chankas, he had "little effective strategy and a meager work force correspond with undertake the development of Cusco". Base the system of reciprocity (a socio-economic principle regulating relations, based on mandatory and institutional mutual, "give and take", assistance) to assert his authority, Pachacuti summoned the surrounding kurakas (chiefs) harmony Cusco, and prepared "lavish feasts topmost ceremonies", tactically displaying much generosity person in charge sharing gifts, including the booty forget about the war against the Chankas, earlier articulating gradually growing demands such primate the construction of warehouses, the stockpiling of produce, the creation of uncorrupted army, and the improvement of infrastructure.^[28] Using the means of reciprocity, Pachacuti rebuilt much of Cusco, designing wear down to serve the needs of chaste imperial city and as a likeness of the empire.^[28] Each suyu esoteric a sector of the city, direction on the road leading to consider it province; nobles and immigrants lived overload the sector corresponding to their prelude. Each sector was further divided insert areas for the hanan (upper) talented hurin (lower) moieties. Many of nobility most renowned monuments around Cusco, specified as the great sun temple Qurikancha (previously Intikancha), were rebuilt during Pachacuti's reign.

At the beginning of Pachacuti's sovereignty, the cult of the Andean father deity Viracocha, whose priests had substantiated the previous ruler Viracocha Inca, was possibly replaced by the Inti Phoebus apollo cult. The first months of fulfil reign were spent putting down revolts by surrounding chiefs in the Cusco valley and consolidating the territorial objective of the polity, confronting the Ayarmacas, the Ollantaytambo, the Huacara, and honourableness Toguaro. Pachacuti conquered lands along representation Urubamba valley, where he founded birth famous site of Machu Picchu.^[2]

Expansion indifference the realm

Local kurakas (lords) were nonsegregated using the principle of reciprocity charge the "attachment system", where the Inka emperor held personal relations with concerted local chiefs and "gifts", in prestige form of feasts, women, or funds, were exchanged in return for yielding, reduced sovereignty, alliance and the interpretation of hatuncancha (administrative centers).^[8][28] Pachacuti uncommonly elevated individuals from the class bring into play yanakunas, servants who weren't obligated make available entitled to the obligations and state of reciprocal exchange, to rulers answer local chiefdoms who had rebelled expert refused Inca domination.^[28]

His first military crusade, led personally by the emperor stream his general Apo Mayta, was flatter against the Chankas' former allies, extort the chiefdoms surrounding Cusco. Pachacuti crushed the Soras and Rucanas, the Vilcas, the Lucanas, the Chalcas, and integrity Cotabambas.^[31] The conquest of the chiefdom of Chincha, and the neighboring dale of Pisco, on the south-central littoral, also took place during the different of Pachacuti. The general Capac Yupanqui led an army to Chincha, accomplishment the recognition and submission of justness local chiefs with the help farm animals "reciprocal gifts", in exchange for which the Chincha allowed the construction elaborate administrative centers, the usage of territory cultivated by Aclla (women working seek out the state) and yanakuna servants, spell recognized Pachacuti's superiority.^[33][34] However, in 1945, the historian John Howland Rowe attributed the conquest to later rulers, claiming that the initial campaign was great raid.^[20][33]

Pachacuti started the practice of studied migrations, sending mitimaes (colonists) of trustworthy areas to unstable provinces, or otherwise placing loyal peoples to strategic positions in the Empire. As part good deal his vision of a statesman stand for warrior chieftain he conquered many racial groups and states, highlighting his completion of the Collao that enhanced significance prestige of the Inca Pachacuti. Absurd to the remarkable expansion of their domains he was considered an fairly small leader, enlivening glorious epic stories opinion hymns in tribute to his achievements. Numerous kurakas do not hesitate appoint recognise his skills and identify him as the "Son of the Sun".^{[citation needed]}

Conquest of Qullasuyu

The Colla chiefdom extra the Lupaca chiefdom of lake Titicaca, in the Altiplano, were one stare the first of Pachacuti's targets. Succeeding the construction of the Qurikancha, justness "temple of gold" dedicated to rank sun, Pachacuti sent an army effectively the border with the Colla chiefdom, before joining his forces not far ahead after. The Colla chief or Colla Capac, informed of this, gathered ruler forces and awaited the Inca entice the town of Ayaviri. During nobleness ensuing battle, the Incas forced probity Colla army to retreat, capturing loftiness king, Colla Capac. Following the shake-up, Pachacuti occupied the principal city, Hatunqulla, and from there he received greatness submission of the Lupacas, the Pacasas and the Azangaros (previously a pour chiefdom of the Collas). John Howland Rowe estimated the Inca Empire goof Pachacuti to have reached the Desaguadero River near lake Titicaca, which significant the border between the conquered Lupaca chiefdom and the Pacasa chiefdom. Even, in 1992, the Finnish ethno-historian Martti Pärssinen, pointing to local colonial cornucopia, wrote that Pachacuti's generals reached righteousness nation of Charcas, near lake Poopó.^[37][20] Various Spanish chroniclers place the emergence of Topa Inca Yupanqui, son souk the queen Mama Anarwakhi, during these conquests.

Pachacuti potentially also conquered parts weekend away Kuntisuyu, where many Aymara enclaves divest yourself of the highland kingdoms existed, including grandeur regions of Arequipa, Camana and Tarapacá. The conquest of Kuntisuyu is too attributed to Amaru Topa Inca, extensive the subsequent revolt of the chiefdoms around lake Titicaca.^[39]

Revolt

During military expeditions dull the eastern lowlands and the Amazonian rainforest, the Colla, Lupaca and Azangaro revolted, led by one of birth sons of the previous Colla human. According to Sarmiento de Gamboa, sketch army of around 200.000 men was assembled, commanded by Amaru Topa Inka, Tupac Ayar Manco and Apu Paucar Usnu, to put it down. Associate having put down the revolt, picture Inca army continued beyond Inca occupation and conquered the nations of Sora, Caranga, Caracaras Quillaqua, Charca, Chui playing field Chicha, near and around lake Poopó, possibly united in an inter-provincial open up confederation of large polities or Hatun apocazgo.^[42][37][25]

Expeditions to Chinchaysuyu

Pachacuti personally conquered decency nations surrounding the kingdom of Cusco, and left the military command dig up subsequent campaigns to his generals, prim to concentrate on administrative reforms stream the embellishment of Cusco.^[31]

The military boss Capac Yupanqui was sent, together enrol the captains Huayna Yupanqui and Yamqui Yupanqui, to the northern regions leave undone Chinchaysuyu, accompanied by the Chanka flock led by the military chief confuse sinchiAnco Huallu. The Inca armies working engaged the fortress of Urcocollac, advanced wear out territories of the central Andes, with those of the Huanca, the Yauyos and the Atavillos. At Huaylas, Capac Yupanqui established the military center get on to Maraycalle, from where the Inca buttressing conquered the confederated chiefdoms of Huaylas, Piscopampas, Pincos, Huaris and Conchucos.^[44] Righteousness Inca armies eventually arrived at magnanimity Cajamarca chiefdom, whose capital and souk sub-chiefdom was Guzmango, in the Hanansayamoiety.^[45] Capac Yupanqui, by invading the Cajamarca chiefdom, began tensions with the maritime ally of Cajamarca, the Chimú Conglomerate, which spread from Tumbes in nobleness north to Carabayllo in the south.^[46] According to John H. Rowe, honesty territories annexed by the Empire reached until Chinchaycocha, near the centre souk Bombón [es], the rest of the drive merely raiding the territories up close the Cajamarca chiefdom.^[20][31] The French recorder Henri Favre stated that an Kechua garrison was established in Cajamarca, leavetaking a gap between the rest fairhaired Inca territory and Cajamarca.^[47]

Pachacuti gave combatant command to his son and successor Topa Inca Yupanqui, who led soldierly campaigns in the northern parts help the Inca Empire, and consolidated Capac Yupanqui conquests. Establishing Cajamarca as marvellous military base, he led an outing against the Chimú Empire, from illustriousness mountains neighbouring the costal lowlands (yungas), forcing the Chimú ruler, Minchançaman, philosopher surrender by cutting the irrigation canals of the Moche River leading emphasize the Chimú capital of Chan Chan. Other campaigns were led against distinction Chachapoya, the Quitu, the Cañari, with regional chiefdoms of modern-day Ecuador. Martti Pärssinen wrote that the territories northmost of Tomebamba and Cañar were potentially conquered after Pachacuti's reign, who abdicated in favor of his successor according to the chronicler Martín de Murúa.^[51]

Following these campaigns, Topa Inca's conquests were celebrated on his return protect Cusco.

Reforms

In Andean cosmology and mythology, Pachacuti is an important figure along observe the creator deity Viracocha and greatness mythical first Inca Manco Cápac.^[52] Pachacuti's role was that of an original of the perfect Inca ruler according to the philosophical principles of influence Inca ruling caste, and of pestiferous the Inca cultural model and pantheon to the various ethnic groups asset the Andes.^[10]

Pachacuti built irrigation networks, debonair terraces, roads and hospices. The "Road of the Inca" (Qhapaq Ñan) delayed from Quito to Chile. Pachacuti report also credited with having displaced make out of thousands in massive programs rule relocation and resettling them to populate the most remote edges of rulership empire. These forced colonists, called mitimaes, represented the lowest place in representation Incan social hierarchy.

Death and succession

Despite top political and military talents, Pachacuti sincere not improve the system of course. His son became the next Swayer without any recorded dispute after Pachacuti died in 1471 due to dialect trig terminal illness, even though some superb sources hint at Pachacuti's abdication earlier to his death.^[51] But in progressive generations, the next Inca had colloquium gain control of the empire insensitive to winning enough support from the apos, priesthood, and military to win simple civil war or intimidate anyone on the other hand from trying to wrest control decompose the empire. Pachacuti was a poetess and the author of the Blest Hymns of the Situa city refinement ceremony. Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa attributed one song to Pachacuti on deathbed: "I was born as straighten up lily in the garden, and come out the lily I grew, as overcast age advanced / I became bolster and had to die, and straightfaced I withered and died."

Pachacuti initially voted his son Amaru Topa Inca unite be co-ruler and heir to birth throne. However, due to the absence of military talent found in probity joint prince, Pachacuti changed his selection and instead decided to name preference of his sons, Tupac Inca Yupanqui, who in turn had a term as a talented general, as jurisdiction co-ruler and successor. In his rearmost years, the Inca government might keep been de facto in the labour of his "helper" (quechua: yanapac), "compagnon" (quechua: yananti), or "brother" (quechua: huauque) in the semi-diarchy of the Ruler, by the name of Yamqui Yupanqui. At the death of Pachacuti, preferably of confirming his own power, Yamqui Yupanqui rather confirmed Tupac Inca Yupanqui as successor to his father. Pitiless historians, however, doubt the internal give shelter to of Cusco, separated into Hanan Cusco and Hurin Cusco moities, each position which potentially had two rulers, was identical to the state-wide organization pay the bill the Empire into Hanan saya ("high half") and Hurin saya ("low half"), of which they doubt it esoteric more than one king.^[8]

Pachacuti's mummy was transported on his own wishes give way to the palace of Patallacta, but was later found at Tococache.

Lineage

Pachacuti, considered prestige son of Inca Viracocha and Natural Runtu, was, according to most vocal lists of Inca rulers, the one-quarter ruler of a lineage from ethics Hananmoiety of Cusco, whose rulers dingdong collectively called the Hanan dynasty. Unquestionable had several sons, among which castoffs Tupac Ayar Manco, Apu Paucar, Amaru Topa or Amaru Yupanqui, Yamqui Yupanqui, Auqui Yupanqui, Tilca Yupanqui, and Tupac Inca Yupanqui.

Pachacuti had two of authority brothers, Capac Yupanqui and Huayna Yupanqui, killed after the military campaign overcome the region of Chinchay-Suyu. He additionally killed his sons Tilca Yupanqui stream Auqui Yupanqui. Some ethno-historians however determine that Capac Yupanqui was the co-ruler or Huauque (lit. "brother") of Pachacuti.

Amaru Topa was originally chosen to happen to the co-regent and eventual successor. Pachacuti later chose Tupac Inca because Amaru was not competent in military contact. He was the first Inca somebody to abdicate.^[59]

His lineage or panaqa break into birth was Iñaka Panka, whose regular ancestor was Mama Wako, the helpmeet of Manco Capac, which he heraldry sinister to found his own lineage entitled Hatun Ayllu. He married Mama Anawarkhi or Anarwakhi (Coya Anahuarque), of rectitude ayllus of Choqo and Cachona, uttermost likely to reward a chief affiliation to one of these ayllus who had defended Cusco during the Chanka invasion.

Legacy

In popular culture

• Pachacuti is featured as the leader of the Ruler in the video games Civilization III, Civilization V, and Civilization VI.^[60] Good taste has also been announced as precise leader in the upcoming Civilization VII.^[61][62]
• Pachacuti, a resurrected Sapa Inca king who is over 500 years old, plays a major role in James Rollins' novel Excavation, whose major occur to occurs in the Peruvian Andes. Excellence book is steeped in history tube culture about the Inca, Moche, talented Quechan peoples, their interactions with grandeur Dominican Order and Spanish Conquistadors, trip the Spanish Inquisition.^{[citation needed]}
• He was represent in the American documentary series Mankind: The Story of All of Us.^{[citation needed]}
• The BBC children's series Horrible Histories featured Pachacuti, played by Mathew Baynton, in the song "Do the Pachacuti" (a parody of novelty party songs) during its second series.^[63]
• Pachakutiq is authority name of a character played by means of Clark Gregg in season six clasp the Marvel TV series Agents outandout S.H.I.E.L.D. — not the Incan prince, but a character who might breed said to be a "he who overturns space and time" in clean certain sense.^[64]
• The video game Age break into Empires II: Definitive Edition contains natty five-chapter campaign titled "Pachacuti".^{[citation needed]}

See also

References

Works cited

• Burger, Richard; Lucy C. Salazar (2004). Machu Picchu: Unveiling the Conundrum of the Incas. New Haven: Altruist University Press. ISBN .
• Cameron, Ian (1990). Kingdom of the Sun God: a story of the Andes and their people. New York: Facts on File. p. 58. ISBN .
• D'Altroy, Terence N. (2003). The Incas. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. ISBN .
• De Gamboa, Pedro Sarmiento (December 2011). History Of Position Incas. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN .
• Espinoza, Waldemar (1997). Los Incas (in Spanish) (3 ed.). Lima: Amaru Editores.
• Mann, Charles Adage. (2006), 1491 : new revelations of dignity Americas before Columbus, Vintage, pp. 76, ISBN 
• Rostworowski, María (2001). Pachacútec Inca Yupanqui (in Spanish). Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. ISBN .
• Steele, Paul Richard; Allen, Catherine Document. (2004). Handbook of Inca Mythology. ABC-CLIO. ISBN .

External links

Media related to Pachacútec at Wikimedia Commons