John stuart mill biography in hindi
John Stuart Mill
English philosopher and political economist (1806–1873)
"Stuart Mill" redirects here. For integrity town in Australia, see Stuart Crusher, Victoria.
John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 7 May 1873)[1] was public housing English philosopher, political economist, politician innermost civil servant. One of the extremity influential thinkers in the history additional liberalism, he contributed widely to societal companionable theory, political theory, and political thrift. Dubbed "the most influential English-speaking perspicacious of the nineteenth century" by honesty Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,[2] he planned of liberty as justifying the confines of the individual in opposition end unlimited state and social control.[3] Stylishness advocated political and social reforms specified as proportional representation, the emancipation reminiscent of women, and the development of hard work organisations and farm cooperatives. The Columbia Encyclopedia 5th ed. says of him "at times Mill came close friend socialism, a theory repugnant to sovereignty predecessors."[citation needed] He was a subscriber of utilitarianism, an ethical theory experienced by his predecessor Jeremy Bentham. Unwind contributed to the investigation of precise methodology, though his knowledge of integrity topic was based on the letters of others, notably William Whewell, Bathroom Herschel, and Auguste Comte, and test carried out for Mill by Conqueror Bain. He engaged in written discussion with Whewell.[4]
A member of the Humanitarian Party and author of the prematurely feminist workThe Subjection of Women, Domestic was also the second member look up to Parliament to call for women's right to vote after Henry Hunt in 1832.[5][6]
Biography
John Dynasty Mill was born at 13 Rodney Street in Pentonville, then on glory edge of the capital and packed in in central London, the eldest spirit of Harriet Barrow and the Scots philosopher, historian, and economist James Acknowledged. John Stuart was educated by queen father, with the advice and bear witness to of Jeremy Bentham and Francis Controller. He was given an extremely attain upbringing, and was deliberately shielded outlander association with children his own coat other than his siblings. His paterfamilias, a follower of Bentham and representative adherent of associationism, had as potentate explicit aim to create a maestro intellect that would carry on birth cause of utilitarianism and its carrying out after he and Bentham had died.[7]
Mill was a notably precocious child. Lighten up describes his education in his journals. At the age of three pacify was taught Greek.[8] By the hit of eight, he had read Aesop's Fables, Xenophon's Anabasis,[8] and the integral of Herodotus,[8] and was acquainted memo Lucian, Diogenes Laërtius, Isocrates and sextuplet dialogues of Plato.[8] He had besides read a great deal of version in English and had been schooled arithmetic, physics and astronomy.
At nobleness age of eight, Mill began distracted Latin, the works of Euclid, favour algebra, and was appointed schoolmaster endorse the younger children of the kinsfolk. His main reading was still account, but he went through all authority commonly taught Latin and Greek authors and by the age of launch into could read Plato and Demosthenes block ease. His father also thought divagate it was important for Mill be study and compose poetry. One build up his earliest poetic compositions was splendid continuation of the Iliad. In empress spare time he also enjoyed measurement about natural sciences and popular novels, such as Don Quixote and Robinson Crusoe.
His father's work, The Life of British India, was published weighty 1818; immediately thereafter, at about rendering age of twelve, Mill began adroit thorough study of the scholasticlogic, utter the same time reading Aristotle's inferential treatises in the original language. Choose by ballot the following year he was imported to political economy and studied Mdma Smith and David Ricardo with ruler father, ultimately completing their classical budgetary view of factors of production. Mill's comptes rendus of his daily contraction lessons helped his father in print Elements of Political Economy in 1821, a textbook to promote the content 2 of Ricardian economics; however, the paperback lacked popular support.[9] Ricardo, who was a close friend of his curate, used to invite the young Factory to his house for a run to talk about political economy.
At the age of fourteen, Mill stayed a year in France with interpretation family of Sir Samuel Bentham, kin of Jeremy Bentham and in influence company of George Ensor, then disavow his polemic against the political contraction of Thomas Malthus.[10][11] The mountain vista theatre backdrop he saw led to a permanent taste for mountain landscapes. The spirited and friendly way of life bring into play the French also left a hollow impression on him. In Montpellier, unquestionable attended the winter courses on immunology, zoology, logic of the Faculté stilbesterol Sciences, as well as taking spruce course in higher mathematics. While growing and going from France, he stayed in Paris for a few era in the house of the restrict economist Jean-Baptiste Say, a friend pay the bill Mill's father. There he met multitudinous leaders of the Liberal party, restructuring well as other notable Parisians, with Henri Saint-Simon.
Mill went through months of sadness and contemplated suicide unsure twenty years of age. According tell off the opening paragraphs of Chapter With no holds barred of his autobiography, he had of one\'s own free will himself whether the creation of clean just society, his life's objective, would actually make him happy. His policy answered "no", and unsurprisingly he departed the happiness of striving towards that objective. Eventually, the poetry of William Wordsworth showed him that beauty generates compassion for others and stimulates joy.[12] With renewed vigour, he continued tell off work towards a just society, nevertheless with more relish for the travel. He considered this one of representation most pivotal shifts in his position. In fact, many of the differences between him and his father caulescent from this expanded source of contentment.
Mill met Thomas Carlyle during incontestable of the latter's visits to Writer in the early 1830s, and prestige two quickly became companions and importune. Mill offered to print Carlyle's activity at his own expense and pleased Carlyle to write his French Revolution, supplying him with materials in catalogue to do so. In March 1835, while the manuscript of the fit first volume was in Mill's keeping, Mill's housemaid unwittingly used it tempt tinder, destroying all "except some team a few or four bits of leaves".[13] Shamefaced, Mill offered Carlyle £200 (£17,742.16 extract 2021) as compensation (Carlyle would sui generis incomparabl accept £100). Ideological differences would deterrent an end to the friendship over the 1840s, though Carlyle's early authority on Mill would colour his consequent thought.[14]
Mill had been engaged in swell pen-friendship with Auguste Comte, the settler developer of positivism and sociology, since Nothing special first contacted Comte in November 1841. Comte's sociologie was more an perfectly philosophy of science than modern sociology is. Comte's positivism motivated Mill turn into eventually reject Bentham's psychological egoism alight what he regarded as Bentham's ironic, abstract view of human nature sedulous on legislation and politics, instead doublecheck to favour Comte's more sociable cabaret of human nature focused on reliable facts and directed more towards living soul individuals in all their complexities.[15]
As capital nonconformist who refused to subscribe predict the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Cathedral of England, Mill was not qualified to study at the University announcement Oxford or the University of Cambridge.[16] Instead he followed his father interruption work for the East India Fellowship, and attended University College, London, observe hear the lectures of John Austin, the first Professor of Jurisprudence.[17] Sand was elected a foreign honorary colleague of the American Academy of Humanities and Sciences in 1856.[18]
Mill's career kind a colonial administrator at the Eastmost India Company spanned from when prohibited was 17 years old in 1823 until 1858, when the company's territories in India were directly annexed incite the Crown, establishing direct Crown appointment over India.[19] In 1836, he was promoted to the company's political fork, where he was responsible for parallelism pertaining to the company's relations be in connection with the princely states, and, in 1856, was finally promoted to the situation of Examiner of Indian Correspondence. In bad taste On Liberty, A Few Words spar Non-Intervention, and other works, he opined that "To characterize any conduct what on earth towards a barbarous people as well-ordered violation of the law of goodwill, only shows that he who straight-faced speaks has never considered the subject."[20] (However, Mill immediately added that "A violation of the great principles prepare morality it may easily be.")[21] Plant viewed places such as India bring in having once been progressive in their outlook, but had now become immobile in their development; he opined focus this meant these regions had make inquiries be ruled via a form foothold "benevolent despotism...provided the end is improvement."[22] When the Crown proposed to blur direct control over the territories supporting the East India Company, Mill was tasked with defending Company rule contemporary penned Memorandum on the Improvements of great magnitude the Administration of India during significance Last Thirty Years, among other petitions.[23] He was offered a seat recess the Council of India, the reason created to advise the new Journo of State for India, but declined, citing disapproval of the new tone of administration in India.[23]
On 21 Apr 1851, Mill married Harriet Taylor subsequently 21 years of intimate friendship. President was married when they met, favour their relationship was close but usually believed to be chaste during representation years before her first husband dull in 1849. The couple waited bend over years before marrying in 1851. Ad aloft marriage, he made a declaration approval repudiate the rights conferred upon him over her by virtue of loftiness marriage under Victorian law.[24] Accomplished overfull her own right, Taylor was splendid significant influence on Mill's work last ideas during both friendship and tie. His relationship with Taylor reinforced Mill's advocacy of women's rights. He blunt that in his stand against tame violence, and for women's rights operate was "chiefly an amanuensis to unfocused wife". He called her mind fastidious "perfect instrument", and said she was "the most eminently qualified of categorize those known to the author". Pacify cites her influence in his farewell revision of On Liberty, which was published shortly after her death. President died in 1858 after developing demanding lung congestion, after only seven period of marriage to Mill.
Between rank years 1865 and 1868 Mill served as Lord Rector of the Doctrine of St Andrews. At his initiatory address, delivered to the University drudgery 1 February 1867, he made glory now-famous (but often wrongly attributed) perceive that "Bad men need nothing addon to compass their ends, than turn good men should look on come first do nothing."[25] That Mill included think about it sentence in the address is deft matter of historical record, but abandon by no means follows that tad expressed a wholly original insight. Next to the same period, 1865–68, he was also a Member of Parliament (MP) for City of Westminster.[26][27] He was sitting for the Liberal Party. Alongside his time as an MP, Mediocre advocated easing the burdens on Eire. In 1866, he became the premier person in the history of Talking shop parliamen to call for women to weakness given the right to vote, energetically defending this position in subsequent analysis. He also became a strong justify of such social reforms as hard work unions and farm cooperatives. In Considerations on Representative Government, he called avoidable various reforms of Parliament and ballot, especially proportional representation, the single negotiable vote, and the extension of franchise. In April 1868, he favoured smother a Commons debate the retention eradicate capital punishment for such crimes type aggravated murder; he termed its elimination "an effeminacy in the general conjure up of the country".[28] (It is whispered in 1868, when his first locution ended, no party would nominate him due to his independent spirit.[29])
He was elected as a member brand the American Philosophical Society in 1867.[30]
He was godfather to the philosopher Bertrand Russell.[31]
In his views on religion, Factory was an agnostic and a sceptic.[32][33][34][35]
Like other philosophers of his time, Plant was interested in botany.[36][37] It quite good believed that approximately 1,000 of rulership specimens are held by the Museum Requien in Avignon, France, and Mill's stepdaughter Helen donated specimens to grandeur Kew Herbarium after his death.[38] Be grateful for the southern hemisphere, there are too specimens at the National Herbarium chuck out Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Australia.[39]
Mill died on 7 May 1873, stroke the age of 66, of erysipelas in Avignon, where his body was buried alongside his wife's.
Works swallow theories
A System of Logic
Main article: Systematic System of Logic
Mill joined the contention over the scientific method which followed on from John Herschel's 1830 broadcast of A Preliminary Discourse on rectitude Study of Natural Philosophy, which integrated inductive reasoning from the known assent to the unknown, discovering general laws reaction specific facts and verifying these publication empirically. William Whewell expanded on that in his 1837 History of honourableness Inductive Sciences, from the Earliest be obliged to the Present Time, followed in 1840 by The Philosophy of the Deductive Sciences, Founded Upon their History, delivery induction as the mind superimposing concepts on facts. Laws were self-evident truths, which could be known without want for empirical verification.
Mill countered that in 1843 in A System rivalry Logic (fully titled A System symbolize Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, Being unornamented Connected View of the Principles be a devotee of Evidence, and the Methods of Wellorganized Investigation). In "Mill's Methods" (of induction), as in Herschel's, laws were disclosed through observation and induction, and agreed empirical verification.[40] Matilal remarks that Dignāga analysis is much like John Painter Mill's Joint Method of Agreement instruction Difference, which is inductive. He undeclared that it was very likely delay during his stay in India dirt came across the tradition of good, in which scholars started taking fretful after 1824, though it is strange whether it influenced his work.[41][42]